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scheduled mission

Толкование Перевод

1 scheduled mission

Военный термин: запланированная задача

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > scheduled mission
2 scheduled mission

запланированная задача

English-Russian military dictionary > scheduled mission
3 mission

( боевая) задача, ( военная) миссия; вылет; полет; стрельба; огневая задача; предназначение; общая задача; задача части [соединения] ( пункт боевого приказа); см. тж. task

C2 mission — задача оперативного управления (войсками)

log a (combat) mission — делать (боевой) вылет

troop carrier (combat) mission — ав. задача по переброске войск

US mission, Berlin — американская (военная) миссия в Западном Берлине

— "be prepared" mission

— "go-anywhere" mission

— abort a mission

— accept a mission

— accomplish a mission

— adjust fire mission

— advisory mission

— aerial bombing mission

— air alert mission

— air defense alert mission

— air defense mission

— air defense suppression mission

— air interdiction mission

— air mining mission

— air mission

— air superiority mission

— airborne assault mission

— airborne mission

— airdrop mission

— airlanded mission

— airlift mission

— alert mission

— analyze a mission

— anticarrier mission

— antiguerrilla mission

— antiradiation mission

— antisatellite mission

— antiship mission

— antisniper mission

— area denial mission

— area interdiction mission

— area reconnaissance mission

— area saturation ECM mission

— armed reconnaissance mission

— artillery minefield fire mission

— artillery mission

— assault mission

— assigned mission

— AT mission

— bacteriological bombing mission

— battlefield mission

— blocking mission

— bombing mission

— break-in mission

— British mission to the Commanders-in-Chief of the Soviet Forces in Germany

— call mission

— call off a mission

— cancel a mission

— canned mission

— cargo and troop-drop mission

— carrier standoff mission

— carrier-borne mission

— carrier-onboard-delivery mission

— carry out a mission

— CAS mission

— chemical mission

— civil mission

— clear a mission

— close-proximity mission

— close-support mission

— cold war mission

— collateral mission

— combat air patrol mission

— combat mission

— combat training mission

— combat-related mission

— communications security mission

— conduct a mission

— consistent with a mission

— contact mission

— contact research mission

— containing mission

— containment mission

— contingency mission

— cooperative mission

— counterair mission

— counterfire mission

— counter-intervention mission

— counter-offensive mission

— counterreconnaissance mission

— covert mission

— crash mission

— critical mission

— damage assessment mission

— deduced mission

— deep penetration mission

— deep strike mission

— defend-in-sector mission

— defense training mission

— defense-suppression air mission

— defense-suppression mission

— defensive mission

— delaying mission

— demolition mission

— deployment mission

— designated mission

— destruction mission

— direct action mission

— dispatch a mission

— divert from a mission

— divert mission

— early-deployment mission

— ECM mission

— economy-of-force mission

— engineer mission

— escort mission

— fighter escort mission

— fill-in mission

— final mission

— finalize a mission

— fire a mission

— fire for effect mission

— fire mission

— fire support mission

— fixed interval surveillance mission

— fixing mission

— fly a mission

— flying mission

— foilow-on mission

— follow-and-support mission

— foreign intelligence information mission

— general naval mission

— generate a mission

— ground alert mission

— ground cooperation mission

— ground FAC-directed mission

— ground-controlled interception mission

— guard mission

— harassing mission

— herbicide mission

— hit and run mission

— illumination mission

— immediate mission

— implied mission

— impromptu mission

— independent mission

— infantry mission

— infantry support mission

— information mission

— initiate a mission

— intelligence mission

— interception mission

— interdiction fixed target mission

— interdiction mission

— interdictory mission

— intertheater mission

— intratheater mission

— intruder mission

— joint services mission

— Joint US Military mission for Aid

— lay a mission

— live fire "danger close" mission

— live mission

— long-contract reseach mission

— maritime air superiority mission

— mercy mission

— military assistance mission

— military liaison mission

— military mission

— military training mission

— mining and countermining mission

— missile warning/attack assessment mission

— mission effective

— mission impossible

— mission of fire

— mission to Military Garrisons

— modified mission

— monitor a mission

— mox nix mission

— multiple fire mission

— nap-of-the-earth reconnaissance mission

— night mission

— nonoperational mission

— nonstandard mission

— nuclear fire mission

— nuclear surface-to-surface fire support mission

— observation mission

— offensive mission

— on-call mission

— one-way ditch mission

— on-foot infantry mission

— on-order mission

— on-suspicion mission

— operational mission

— order the mission flown

— overall mission

— peacetime mission

— peripheral mission

— photographic reconnaissance mission

— politico-military mission

— post support mission

— poststrike photo mission

— power-projection mission

— predesignated mission

— preplanned mission

— preprogrammed mission

— prestrike photo mission

— prioritize missions

— priority mission

— protective mission

— quick-reaction point air defense mission

— radar-bombing mission

— radar-killer mission

— rain-making mission

— rear area security mission

— reconnaissance mission

— reinforcing mission

— relieve of a mission

— request a mission

— responsive mission

— restate a mission

— restrictive mission

— resupply mission

— road clearing mission

— rocketry mission

— run a mission

— scaled-down mission

— scheduled mission

— scouting mission

— scratch a mission

— screening mission

— screening security mission

— sea-control mission

— security mission

— seek-and-destroy mission

— semi-independent mission

— set a mission

— set-down mission

— ship-to-shore cargo mission

— shoot a mission

— simulated combat mission

— smoke mission

— standard mission

— state mission

— strategic mission

— strategic penetration over-the-target mission

— strategic warning mission

— strike mission

— subassign missions

— subsequent mission

— subsidiary reconnaissance mission

— Sunday mission

— support mission

— suppression air mission

— suppression mission

— surface mission

— survival mission

— tactical control mission

— tactical mission

— take over a mission

— target exploitation mission

— target spotting mission

— theater support mission

— TOE mission

— training mission

— troop-in-contact mission

— truck hunting mission

— two-way mission

— typical mission

— US mission to the NATO

— warfighting mission

— wartime mission

— Zulu mission

English-Russian military dictionary > mission
4 inward mission

упр. входящая торговая делегация* ( приезд делегации зарубежных бизнесменов и чиновников в данную страну)

The members of the inword mission are then introduced to firms that wish to develop relations with them. Inward missions can also be organised by the government of the international country but paid for by the host government as part of their aid activities or under the framework of a bilateral agreement.

An inward mission to the UK by a team of 12 Chinese experts is scheduled for November 2002. — Посещение Великобритании 12 китайскими экспертами запланировано на ноябрь 2002 г.

Ant:

capital inflow, foreign investment

Англо-русский экономический словарь > inward mission
5 запланированная задача

Military: scheduled mission

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > запланированная задача
6 vuelo

m.

1 flight (gen) & (aviation).

alzar o emprender o levantar el vuelo to take flight, to fly off; (despegar) to fly the nest (figurative) (irse de casa)

coger algo al vuelo to catch something in flight; (en el aire) to catch on to something very quickly (figurative) (rápido)

remontar el vuelo to soar

de altos vuelos, de mucho vuelo of great importance

no se oía el vuelo de una mosca you could have heard a pin drop

vuelo chárter charter flight

vuelo sin escalas direct flight

vuelo espacial space flight

vuelo libre hang-gliding

vuelo sin motor gliding

vuelos nacionales domestic flights

vuelo de reconocimiento reconnaissance flight

vuelo regular scheduled flight

2 fullness.

una falda de vuelo a full skirt

3 projection (architecture).

4 pleat, frill, ruffle.

pres.indicat.

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: volar.

* * *

vuelo

► nombre masculino

1 (acto, espacio, etc) flight

2 (acción) flying

3 (de vestido) fullness, flare

■ un vestido de vuelo a full dress

4 (plumas) flight feathers plural; (alas) wings plural

5 ARQUITECTURA (voladizo) projection

\

FRASEOLOGÍA

al vuelo in flight

alzar el vuelo / emprender el vuelo / levantar el vuelo to take flight

cazarlas al vuelo / cogerlas al vuelo figurado to be quick on the uptake

cortarle los vuelos a alguien figurado to clip somebody's wings

de alto vuelo figurado important, far-reaching

de mucho vuelo (vestido) full 2 (persona) important, high-flying

de un vuelo figurado in a flash

remontar el vuelo to soar up

tener muchas horas de vuelo familiar to be an old hand at something

tomar vuelo to take off, grow

personal de vuelo flight crew

vuelo chárter / vuelo regular charter flight / scheduled flight

vuelo espacial space flight

vuelo libre hang-gliding

vuelo sin escala nonstop flight

vuelo sin motor gliding

* * *

noun m.

1) flight

2) fullness

* * *
I
ver volar
II
SM

1) [de ave, avión] flight

se servirá un desayuno durante el vuelo — breakfast will be served during the flight

alzar o levantar el vuelo — (=echar a volar) to fly off; (=marcharse) to dash off
(=independizarse) to leave the nest
remontar el vuelo: la cigüeña remontó el vuelo — the stork soared (up) into the sky, the stork took the sky

la economía empieza a remontar el vuelo — the economy is beginning to take off

- captar o cazar o coger algo al vuelo

- cazarlas al vuelo

- de o en un vuelo

- no se oía ni el vuelo de una mosca

- tomar vuelo

vuelo a baja cota — low-level flying

vuelo a vela — gliding

vuelo chárter — charter flight

vuelo con ala delta — hang-gliding

vuelo con motor — powered flight

vuelo de bajo coste — low-cost flight

vuelo de demostración — demonstration flight

vuelo de instrucción — training flight

vuelo de órbita — orbital flight

vuelo de prueba(s) — test flight

vuelo de reconocimiento — reconnaissance flight

vuelo directo — direct flight, non-stop flight

vuelo en picado — dive

vuelo espacial — space flight

vuelo interior — internal flight, domestic flight

vuelo libre — hang-gliding

vuelo nacional — domestic flight

vuelo rasante — low-level flying

vuelo regular — scheduled flight

vuelo sin escalas, vuelo sin etapas — non-stop flight

vuelo sin motor — gliding

2) (Orn) (=plumas) flight feathers [pl] ; (=alas) wings [pl]

tirar al vuelo — to shoot at birds on the wing

- cortar los vuelos a algn

- de altos vuelos

3) [de falda, capa]

el vuelo de la falda — the spread o swirl of the skirt

falda de mucho vuelo — full o wide skirt

4) (Arquit) projection

* * *
I
masculino

1)

a) ( acción)

el vuelo de las gaviotas — the seagulls' flight

remontar el vuelo — to soar up

horas de vuelo — (Aviac) flying time

agarrarlas or cogerlas al vuelo — to be very quick on the uptake

alzar or levantar el vuelo — pájaro to fly away o off; avión to take off; persona to fly o leave the nest

a vuelo de pájaro — (AmL)

un cálculo a vuelo de pájaro — a rough estimate

lo leí a vuelo de pájaro — I just skimmed through it

de alto vuelo — proyecto big, important; ejecutivo high-flying (before n)

no se oía ni el vuelo de una mosca — you could have heard a pin drop (colloq)

tomar vuelo — to take flight

b) (trayecto, viaje) flight

son dos horas de vuelo — it is a two-hour flight

c) ( avión) flight

- vuelo a vela

- vuelo charter/regular

- vuelo espacial

- vuelo internacional/nacional

- vuelo libre

- vuelo rasante

- vuelo sin motor

2) ( en costura)

a) ( amplitud)

la falda tiene mucho vuelo — it is a very full skirt

b) (Chi) ( adorno) flounce

3) ( pluma) flight (feather)
II
see volar

* * *

= flight, flight mission, flight mission.

Ex. Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.

Ex. The collection is composed of more than 400,000 prints and negatives from photographs taken during 1,258 separate flight missions, most of which were flown over California.

Ex. The collection is composed of more than 400,000 prints and negatives from photographs taken during 1,258 separate flight missions, most of which were flown over California.

----

* al vuelo = on-the-fly.

* auxiliar de vuelo = flight attendant.

* compañía de vuelos chárter = charter airline.

* cortarle los vuelos a Alguien = clip + Posesivo + wings.

* cubierta de vuelo = flight deck.

* de altos vuelos = high-flying, high-powered.

* diario de vuelo = logbook [log book].

* durante el vuelo = in-flight.

* emprender el vuelo = take to + the sky.

* en el vuelo = in-flight.

* en vuelo = aloft, in-flight.

* hacer que Algo levante el vuelo = get + Nombre + off the ground.

* horario de vuelos = air timetable.

* iniciar el vuelo = take to + the sky.

* levantar el vuelo = get off + the ground.

* oír el vuelo de una mosca = hear a pin drop.

* persona de altos vuelos = high flyer [high flier, -USA].

* personal de vuelo = flight crew.

* reservar un vuelo = book + flight.

* simulador de vuelo = flight simulator.

* tripulación de vuelo = flight crew.

* vuelo barato = budget flight.

* vuelo chárter = charter flight.

* vuelo comercial = commercial flight.

* vuelo de conexión = connecting flight.

* vuelo de enlace = connecting flight.

* vuelo de ida y vuelta = return flight.

* vuelo en ala delta = hang-gliding.

* vuelo espacial = space flight.

* vuelo interior = domestic flight.

* vuelo nacional = domestic flight.

* vuelo tripulado = manned flight.

* * *
I
masculino

1)

a) ( acción)

el vuelo de las gaviotas — the seagulls' flight

remontar el vuelo — to soar up

horas de vuelo — (Aviac) flying time

agarrarlas or cogerlas al vuelo — to be very quick on the uptake

alzar or levantar el vuelo — pájaro to fly away o off; avión to take off; persona to fly o leave the nest

a vuelo de pájaro — (AmL)

un cálculo a vuelo de pájaro — a rough estimate

lo leí a vuelo de pájaro — I just skimmed through it

de alto vuelo — proyecto big, important; ejecutivo high-flying (before n)

no se oía ni el vuelo de una mosca — you could have heard a pin drop (colloq)

tomar vuelo — to take flight

b) (trayecto, viaje) flight

son dos horas de vuelo — it is a two-hour flight

c) ( avión) flight

- vuelo a vela

- vuelo charter/regular

- vuelo espacial

- vuelo internacional/nacional

- vuelo libre

- vuelo rasante

- vuelo sin motor

2) ( en costura)

a) ( amplitud)

la falda tiene mucho vuelo — it is a very full skirt

b) (Chi) ( adorno) flounce

3) ( pluma) flight (feather)
II
see volar

* * *

= flight, flight mission, flight mission.

Ex: Cases keep discussion grounded on certain persistent facts that must be faced, and keep a realistic rein on airy flights of academic speculation.

Ex: The collection is composed of more than 400,000 prints and negatives from photographs taken during 1,258 separate flight missions, most of which were flown over California.

Ex: The collection is composed of more than 400,000 prints and negatives from photographs taken during 1,258 separate flight missions, most of which were flown over California.

* al vuelo = on-the-fly.

* auxiliar de vuelo = flight attendant.

* compañía de vuelos chárter = charter airline.

* cortarle los vuelos a Alguien = clip + Posesivo + wings.

* cubierta de vuelo = flight deck.

* de altos vuelos = high-flying, high-powered.

* diario de vuelo = logbook [log book].

* durante el vuelo = in-flight.

* emprender el vuelo = take to + the sky.

* en el vuelo = in-flight.

* en vuelo = aloft, in-flight.

* hacer que Algo levante el vuelo = get + Nombre + off the ground.

* horario de vuelos = air timetable.

* iniciar el vuelo = take to + the sky.

* levantar el vuelo = get off + the ground.

* oír el vuelo de una mosca = hear a pin drop.

* persona de altos vuelos = high flyer [high flier, -USA].

* personal de vuelo = flight crew.

* reservar un vuelo = book + flight.

* simulador de vuelo = flight simulator.

* tripulación de vuelo = flight crew.

* vuelo barato = budget flight.

* vuelo chárter = charter flight.

* vuelo comercial = commercial flight.

* vuelo de conexión = connecting flight.

* vuelo de enlace = connecting flight.

* vuelo de ida y vuelta = return flight.

* vuelo en ala delta = hang-gliding.

* vuelo espacial = space flight.

* vuelo interior = domestic flight.

* vuelo nacional = domestic flight.

* vuelo tripulado = manned flight.

* * *

vuelo¹

masculine

A

1

(acción): contemplaba el vuelo de las gaviotas he was watching the seagulls' flight o the seagulls flying

remontar el vuelo to soar up

un piloto con más de mil horas de vuelo a pilot with more than a thousand hours' flying time

agarrarlas or cazarlas or cogerlas al vuelo to be very quick on the uptake, to be sharp ( colloq)

agarrar vuelo ( Chi fam); to pick up speed

alzar or levantar el vuelo «pájaro» to fly away o off;

«avión» to take off; «persona» to fly o leave the nest

a vuelo de pájaro ( AmL): así, a vuelo de pájaro, han de ser unas cinco hectáreas at a rough o quick guess, I'd say it's about five hectares

leí el informe a vuelo de pájaro I just skimmed over the report

de alto vuelo: un proyecto de alto vuelo a big o an important o a prestigious project

un ejecutivo de alto vuelo a high-flying executive

el vuelo de una mosca: no se oía ni el vuelo de una mosca you could have heard a pin drop ( colloq), there wasn't a sound to be heard

tomar vuelo to take flight

2 (trayecto, viaje) flight

Madrid-Londres son dos horas de vuelo it is a two-hour flight from Madrid to London, it takes two hours to fly from Madrid to London

3 (avión) flight

el vuelo 852 procedente de París flight 852 from Paris

el vuelo llegó con retraso the flight o the plane was late

Compuestos:

● vuelo a vela

gliding, soaring ( AmE)

● vuelo charter

charter flight

● vuelo de cabotaje

( RPl) local flight

● vuelo de entrenamiento or instrucción

training flight

● vuelo de prueba

test flight

● vuelo espacial

spaceflight

● vuelo internacional

international flight

● vuelo libre

hang-gliding

● vuelo nacional

domestic o internal flight

● vuelo rasante

low-level flight

● vuelo regular

scheduled flight

● vuelo sin motor

gliding, soaring ( AmE)

B (en costura)

1

(amplitud): la falda tiene mucho vuelo it is a very full skirt

2 ( Chi) (adorno) flounce

C ( Arquit) projection

D (pluma) flight, flight feather

vuelo²

volar

* * *

Del verbo volar: ( conjugate volar)

vuelo es:

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

Multiple Entries:
volar
vuelo
volar ( conjugate volar) verbo intransitivo
1 [pájaro/avión] to fly
2
a) [ tiempo] to fly;

◊ ¡cómo vuela el tiempo! doesn't time fly!;

las malas noticias vuelan bad news travels fast
b)

◊ volando ger ‹comer/cambiarse› in a rush, in a hurry;

se fue volando he/she rushed off;
sus clases se me pasan volando her classes seem to go so quickly
3
a) ( con el viento) [ sombrero] to blow off;

◊ vueloon todos los papeles my papers blew all over the place

b) (fam) ( desaparecer) [dinero/pasteles] to vanish, disappear

verbo transitivo
1 ‹puente/edificio› to blow up;
‹ caja fuerte› to blow
2 (Méx, Ven fam) ( robar) to swipe (colloq), to nick (BrE colloq)
volarse verbo pronominal
1
a) (Col fam) [ preso] to escape

b) (Col, Méx fam) [ alumno] to play hooky (esp AmE colloq), to skive off (school) (BrE colloq)

2
a) (Méx fam) ( coquetear) to flirt

b) (Méx, Ven fam) ( robar) to swipe (colloq), nick (BrE colloq)

vuelo sustantivo masculino
1
a) ( acción):

◊ el vuelo de las gaviotas the seagulls' flight;

remontar el vuelo to soar up;
alzar or levantar el vuelo [ pájaro] to fly away o off;

[ avión] to take off;
[ persona] to fly o leave the nest;
◊ a vuelo de pájaro (AmL): un cálculo a vuelo de pájaro a rough estimate;

lo leí a vuelo de pájaro I just skimmed through it
b) (Aviac) flight;

◊ son dos horas de vuelo it is a two-hour flight;

vuelo charter/regular charter/schedule flight;
vuelo internacional/nacional international/domestic o internal flight;
vuelo sin motor gliding, soaring (AmE)
2 ( en costura) ( amplitud):
◊ la falda tiene mucho vuelo it is a very full skirt

volar
I verbo intransitivo
1 (un avión, ave, insecto) to fly: la mosca echó a volar, the fly flew off
2 (apresuradamente) volando, in a flash, in a hurry: nos fuimos volando, we rushed off
3 fam (terminarse, desaparecer) to disappear, vanish: todo el dinero que tenía voló en cuestión de meses, he blew all his money in a question of months
II vtr (usando explosivos: una casa, fábrica, etc) to blow up
(: una caja blindada, etc) to blow open
vuelo sustantivo masculino
1 (de un ave, avión, etc) flight
vuelo chárter, charter flight
vuelo espacial, spaceflight
vuelo regular, scheduled flight
vuelo sin motor, gliding
2 Cost (amplitud de una falda) tiene mucho vuelo, it's very full
♦ Locuciones: cazarlas/cogerlas al vuelo, to be quick on the uptake
fam (de importancia) de altos vuelos, high fliers
' vuelo' also found in these entries:
Spanish:
alzar
- cazar
- campana
- hora
- procedente
- rasa
- rasante
- raso
- reconocimiento
- reserva
- simular
- simulador
- simuladora
- sobrecargo
- auxiliar
- conectar
- controlador
- destino
- desviar
- directo
- doméstico
- enlazar
- espacial
- nacional
- nocturno
- operar
- pasar
- remontar
- suspender
- zarandear
English:
airborne
- aloft
- announce
- book
- bumpy
- cancel
- charter flight
- connect
- delay
- delayed
- domestic
- due
- fall away
- flight
- flight attendant
- flight recorder
- flight-deck
- gliding
- hang-gliding
- hold up
- hop
- in-flight
- inbound
- incoming
- instrument
- jump at
- luckily
- nonstop
- notify
- originate
- outward
- pin
- quick
- route
- scheduled flight
- space flight
- steward
- takeoff
- air
- flare
- flared
- flounce
- flying
- frill
- from
- hang
- high
- log
- ruffle
- schedule

* * *

vuelo

♦ ver volar

♦ nm

1. [de pájaro, insecto] flight;

alzar o [m5] emprender o [m5] levantar el vuelo [ave] to take to the air;
[irse de casa] to fly the nest;
coger o [m5] cazar algo al vuelo [en el aire] to catch sth in flight;
[rápido] to catch on to sth very quickly;
Comp

en un vuelo in next to no time;

Comp

de altos vuelos [boda, ceremonia] grand;
[conferencia] prestigious; [proyecto, programa] ambitious;
Comp

cortar los vuelos a alguien to clip sb's wings;

Comp

no se oía el vuelo de una mosca you could have heard a pin drop;

Comp
Am
a vuelo de pájaro in overview, in broad outline

2. [de avión] flight

Comp
RP vuelo de cabotaje internal flight;
vuelo chárter charter flight;

vuelo sin escalas direct flight;

vuelo espacial space flight;

vuelo libre hang-gliding;

vuelo sin motor gliding;

vuelos nacionales domestic flights;

vuelo nocturno overnight flight;

vuelo rasante low-level flight;

vuelo de reconocimiento reconnaissance flight;

vuelo regular scheduled flight;

vuelo supersónico supersonic flight

3. [de vestido] fullness;

una falda de vuelo a full skirt

4. Arquit projection

* * *

vuelo

I vb → volar

II m

1 flight;

en vuelo in flight;

cazar algo al vuelo catch sth in mid-air; fig catch o

latch on to sth quickly;

de altos vuelos boda, bautizo big; ceremonia important; restaurante prestigious; proyecto big, prestigious

2

:

una falda con vuelo a full skirt

* * *

vuelo nm

1) : flight, flying

alzar el vuelo: to take flight

2) : flight (of an aircraft)

vuelo espacial: space flight

3) : flare, fullness (of clothing)

4)

al vuelo : on the wing

* * *

vuelo n flight

¿a qué hora sale tu vuelo? what time does your flight leave?

Spanish-English dictionary > vuelo
7 time

1) время; период времени

2) момент времени || отмечать время

3) хронометрировать; рассчитывать по времени

4) синхронизировать; согласовывать во времени

•

- acceleration time
- access time
- accumulated operating time
- action time
- activity slack time
- actual activity completion time
- actual time
- actuation time
- addition time
- add time
- add-subtract time
- arrival time
- assembly time
- attended time
- available machine time
- average operation time
- awaiting-repair time
- binding time
- bit time
- build-up time
- calculating time
- carry-over time
- carry time
- chip-access delay time
- circuit time
- clear-write time
- coding time
- compile time
- computation time
- computer dead time
- computer time
- computer useful time
- computing time
- connect time
- control time
- crash time
- crisis time
- cycle time
- data time
- data-retention time
- dead time
- debatable time
- debugging time
- debug time
- decay time
- deceleration time
- delay time
- design time
- destination time
- development time
- digit time
- discrete time
- divide time
- down time
- earliest expected time
- effective time
- engineering time
- entry time
- error-free running time
- estimated time
- event scheduled completion time
- event slack time
- event time
- execution cycle time
- execution time
- expected activity time
- fall time
- fault correction time
- fault location time
- fault time
- fetch time
- float time
- form movement time
- forward-current rise time
- gate time
- good time
- guard time
- handshaking time
- holding time
- hold time
- idle time
- improvement time
- incidental time
- ineffective time
- inoperable time
- installation time
- instruction time
- integrator time
- interaction time
- interarrival time
- interrogation time
- latency time
- latest allowable event time
- load time
- lock-grant time
- lock-holding time
- logarithmic time
- machine available time
- machine spoiled work time
- machine spoiled time
- machine time
- maintenance time
- makeup time
- manual time
- mean error-free time
- mean repair time
- mean time between errors
- mean time between failures
- mean time to repair
- memory cycle time
- miscellaneous time
- mission time
- most likely time
- multiply time
- no-charge machine fault time
- no-charge non-machine-fault time
- no-charge time
- nonfailure operating time
- nonreal time
- nonscheduled down time
- nonscheduled maintenance time
- object time
- occurrence time
- off time
- on time
- one-pulse time
- operating time
- operation time
- operation-use time
- optimistic time
- out-of-service time
- peaking time
- peak time
- pessimistic time
- polynomial time
- pool time
- positioning time
- power up time
- pre-assembly time
- precedence waiting time
- preset time
- preventive maintenance time
- print interlock time
- problem time
- processing time
- process time
- processor cycle time
- production time
- productive time
- program execution time
- program fetch time
- program testing time
- progration time
- propagation delay time
- proving time
- pulse time
- punch start time
- read time
- reading access time
- readout time
- read-restore time
- real time
- record check time
- recovery time
- reference time
- refresh time
- reimbursed time
- repair delay time
- repair time
- representative computing time
- request-response time
- resetting time
- resolution time
- resolving time
- response time
- restoration time
- restoring time
- retrieval time
- reversal time
- reverse-current fall time
- rewind time
- rise time
- round-trip time
- routine maintenance time
- run time

- running time
- sampling time
- scaled real time
- scheduled time
- schedule time
- scheduled down time
- scheduled operating time
- scramble time
- screen storage time
- search time
- seek time
- send-receive-forward time
- sensitive time
- service time
- serviceable time
- setting time
- settling time
- setup time
- simulated time
- s-n transition time
- standby time
- starting time
- start time
- start-up time
- stop time
- storage cycle time
- storage time
- subtraction time
- subtract time
- superconducting-normal transition time
- supplementary maintenance time
- swap time
- switch delay time
- switch time
- switching time
- system time
- takedown time
- task time
- testing time
- throughput time
- time between failures
- time for motion to start
- time now
- total time
- track-to-track move time
- transfer time
- transit time
- transition time
- translating time
- true time
- turnaround time
- turnoff time
- turnon time
- turnover time
- unacked time
- unattended standby time
- unattended time
- unavailable time
- unit time
- unused time
- up time
- useful time
- user time
- variable dead time
- waiting time
- word time
- word-addressing time
- write time

English-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > time
8 finalización

f.

finalization, completion, ending, closing.

* * *

finalización

► nombre femenino

1 completion, finalization

* * *

noun f.

completion

* * *

SF ending, conclusion

* * *

femenino (de periodo, partido, guerra) end; (de proyecto, obras) completion

* * *

= completion, finalisation [finalization, -USA], termination, expiration, passing.

Ex. The time period between the completion of a cycle (e.g. at the end of a volume or a year) and the publication of the associated cumulative indexes should be as short as possible.

Ex. The finalization of the thesaurus is also important; that is, terms should be reviewed for consistency and appropriate level of pre-coordination, word form and level of specificity.

Ex. This article discusses the terms of reference and aims of the project, the difficulties encountered in the creation of a centre for the whole of Latin America, and growth and termination of the UNESCO Technical Assistance Mission.

Ex. Failure to make a renewal fee payment can result in the expiration of the patent prior to its statutory term.

Ex. Perhaps an openly expressed disbelief in his activities is one of the marks of the passing of this stage.

----

* edad de finalización de los estudios = terminal education age.

* fecha de finalización = completion date, completion target.

* finalización de los estudios = graduation.

* tener programado su finalización = be scheduled for completion.

* * *

femenino (de periodo, partido, guerra) end; (de proyecto, obras) completion

* * *

= completion, finalisation [finalization, -USA], termination, expiration, passing.

Ex: The time period between the completion of a cycle (e.g. at the end of a volume or a year) and the publication of the associated cumulative indexes should be as short as possible.

Ex: The finalization of the thesaurus is also important; that is, terms should be reviewed for consistency and appropriate level of pre-coordination, word form and level of specificity.

Ex: This article discusses the terms of reference and aims of the project, the difficulties encountered in the creation of a centre for the whole of Latin America, and growth and termination of the UNESCO Technical Assistance Mission.

Ex: Failure to make a renewal fee payment can result in the expiration of the patent prior to its statutory term.

Ex: Perhaps an openly expressed disbelief in his activities is one of the marks of the passing of this stage.

* edad de finalización de los estudios = terminal education age.

* fecha de finalización = completion date, completion target.

* finalización de los estudios = graduation.

* tener programado su finalización = be scheduled for completion.

* * *

finalización

feminine

end

la finalización del año escolar the end of the school year

la finalización de las obras de ampliación the completion of the extension work

* * *

finalización nf
[terminación] end; [de contrato] completion
* * *

finalización

f completion

* * *

finalización nf

: completion, end

Spanish-English dictionary > finalización
9 задание

task, mission
-, боевое — (military) mission. an aircraft on a mission to bomb a target.
- на выполнение регламентных работ — scheduled maintenance task
-, полетное, выполняемое на большой высоте — high altitude mission. inspect brushes after each high altitude mission.

Русско-английский сборник авиационно-технических терминов > задание
10 SM

1) Общая лексика: singlemode

2) Компьютерная техника: Scheduler Message, Set Mode, Small Machine, Smart Media, Software Modem, Spell Menu, Super Mini

3) Биология: Master of Science

4) Авиация: сухопутная миля, statute mile (1, 6 км)

5) Американизм: Sado Masochistic, Simple Majority

6) Спорт: Score Of Matching, Super Mongo

7) Латинский язык: Sclerosis multiplex

8) Военный термин: Memorandum by the Secretary, JCS, Sadism Masochism, Salvage Mechanic, Security Monitor, Selection Mechanism, Service Mode, Sixteen Millimetre, Smart Modules, Soldier's Medal, Standard missile, Statute Mile, Submariner, Survey Methods, System Monitor, sappers and miners, secretary's memorandum, security manual, sergeant-major, service manual, service member, shell model, shelter management, shop maintenance, simulated missile, simulation model, single manager, situation map, soldier's manual, special memorandum, staff memorandum, state militia, storage mark, strategic missile, supply manual, support munitions, surface missile, system manager, Staff Month (20 Days)

9) Техника: scan mode, scanning mode, scattering matrix, scheduled maintenance, security manager, servomotor, shift manager, shuttle management, signal master, signalman, space mirror, space multiplexing, stationary medium, step motor, stepping motor, studio microphone, submarine, supply and maintenance, supporting members, switch memory, военное обозначение моделирующих устройств и тренажёров, Soling Machine (shoes)

10) Математика: матрица рассеяния (scatter matrix), многошаговая максимизация (stepwise maximization), симплекс-метод (simplex method), симплексный метод (simplex method)

11) Религия: Scripture Mastery

12) Метеорология: Sailor Moon, Simple Model, Solar Modulation

13) Железнодорожный термин: St. Marys Railroad Company

14) Юридический термин: Sadism And Masochism, Sado Masochism, Simple Monopoly

15) Грубое выражение: Sexual Magic, Stupid Movement

16) Оптика: single mode

17) Политика: San Marino

18) Телекоммуникации: Switching Module (AT&T 5ESS)

19) Сокращение: Samoan, Sandeep Metalcraft Pvt Ltd (India), Saturday Morning, Service Mark, Simulation Module, Smoke, Special Mission (USA), Svenska Marinen, sales manager, sausages and mashed potatoes, smoothing, sihgle-mode

20) Текстиль: Small Medium

21) Университет: Student Mail, Student Miss, Supplementary Materials

22) Электроника: Stress Migration, (surface mount) поверхностный монтаж

23) Вычислительная техника: services mark, память второго уровня, Sparse Mode (PIM, Multicast), Smart Media (card), вторичная память

24) Нефть: surface measurement, планово-предупредительное техническое обслуживание (scheduled maintenance), снабжение и техническое обслуживание (supply and maintenance), техническое обслуживание в ремонтной мастерской (shop maintenance)

25) Иммунология: smooth muscle

26) Космонавтика: Structural Model Programme, служебный модуль

27) Картография: saw mill

28) Транспорт: Side Mounted

29) Пищевая промышленность: (skim milk) обезжиренное молоко

30) Силикатное производство: silica modulus

31) Фирменный знак: Saama, Samsung Motors, Singer Machine, Stone Mill

32) Деловая лексика: Standard Model

33) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: square meter

34) Нефтепромысловый: (Scheduled Maintenance) ПТО (плановое техническое обслуживание)

35) Производство: Site Management (организация работы производственной площадки)

36) Сетевые технологии: Smart Card, secondary memory, shared memory, разделяемая память, установить режим, Sparse Mode, уплотнённый режим

37) Сахалин Ю: steam medium pressure

38) Химическое оружие: Subcontractor Management

39) Авиационная медицина: sensory-motor task

40) Расширение файла: Smalltalk language source code file, Text document (Samna Word), Script (ScriptMaker)

41) Нефть и газ: submersible motor

42) Электротехника: stability margin, synchronous machine

43) Имена и фамилии: Shawn Michaels, Stephen Marshall, Steven Mead

44) Должность: Safety Management, Single Mom, Stage Manager, Sub Manager, Supreme Master

45) Чат: Simply Marvelous, Stupid Mother

46) NYSE. Sulzer Medica

47) НАСА: Structural Model, Surface Mount, Service Module (Apollo)

48) Программное обеспечение: Storage Manager

49) Федеральное бюро расследований: Security Matter, Summary

50) СМС: See Message

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > SM
11 Sm

1) Общая лексика: singlemode

2) Компьютерная техника: Scheduler Message, Set Mode, Small Machine, Smart Media, Software Modem, Spell Menu, Super Mini

3) Биология: Master of Science

4) Авиация: сухопутная миля, statute mile (1, 6 км)

5) Американизм: Sado Masochistic, Simple Majority

6) Спорт: Score Of Matching, Super Mongo

7) Латинский язык: Sclerosis multiplex

8) Военный термин: Memorandum by the Secretary, JCS, Sadism Masochism, Salvage Mechanic, Security Monitor, Selection Mechanism, Service Mode, Sixteen Millimetre, Smart Modules, Soldier's Medal, Standard missile, Statute Mile, Submariner, Survey Methods, System Monitor, sappers and miners, secretary's memorandum, security manual, sergeant-major, service manual, service member, shell model, shelter management, shop maintenance, simulated missile, simulation model, single manager, situation map, soldier's manual, special memorandum, staff memorandum, state militia, storage mark, strategic missile, supply manual, support munitions, surface missile, system manager, Staff Month (20 Days)

9) Техника: scan mode, scanning mode, scattering matrix, scheduled maintenance, security manager, servomotor, shift manager, shuttle management, signal master, signalman, space mirror, space multiplexing, stationary medium, step motor, stepping motor, studio microphone, submarine, supply and maintenance, supporting members, switch memory, военное обозначение моделирующих устройств и тренажёров, Soling Machine (shoes)

10) Математика: матрица рассеяния (scatter matrix), многошаговая максимизация (stepwise maximization), симплекс-метод (simplex method), симплексный метод (simplex method)

11) Религия: Scripture Mastery

12) Метеорология: Sailor Moon, Simple Model, Solar Modulation

13) Железнодорожный термин: St. Marys Railroad Company

14) Юридический термин: Sadism And Masochism, Sado Masochism, Simple Monopoly

15) Грубое выражение: Sexual Magic, Stupid Movement

16) Оптика: single mode

17) Политика: San Marino

18) Телекоммуникации: Switching Module (AT&T 5ESS)

19) Сокращение: Samoan, Sandeep Metalcraft Pvt Ltd (India), Saturday Morning, Service Mark, Simulation Module, Smoke, Special Mission (USA), Svenska Marinen, sales manager, sausages and mashed potatoes, smoothing, sihgle-mode

20) Текстиль: Small Medium

21) Университет: Student Mail, Student Miss, Supplementary Materials

22) Электроника: Stress Migration, (surface mount) поверхностный монтаж

23) Вычислительная техника: services mark, память второго уровня, Sparse Mode (PIM, Multicast), Smart Media (card), вторичная память

24) Нефть: surface measurement, планово-предупредительное техническое обслуживание (scheduled maintenance), снабжение и техническое обслуживание (supply and maintenance), техническое обслуживание в ремонтной мастерской (shop maintenance)

25) Иммунология: smooth muscle

26) Космонавтика: Structural Model Programme, служебный модуль

27) Картография: saw mill

28) Транспорт: Side Mounted

29) Пищевая промышленность: (skim milk) обезжиренное молоко

30) Силикатное производство: silica modulus

31) Фирменный знак: Saama, Samsung Motors, Singer Machine, Stone Mill

32) Деловая лексика: Standard Model

33) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: square meter

34) Нефтепромысловый: (Scheduled Maintenance) ПТО (плановое техническое обслуживание)

35) Производство: Site Management (организация работы производственной площадки)

36) Сетевые технологии: Smart Card, secondary memory, shared memory, разделяемая память, установить режим, Sparse Mode, уплотнённый режим

37) Сахалин Ю: steam medium pressure

38) Химическое оружие: Subcontractor Management

39) Авиационная медицина: sensory-motor task

40) Расширение файла: Smalltalk language source code file, Text document (Samna Word), Script (ScriptMaker)

41) Нефть и газ: submersible motor

42) Электротехника: stability margin, synchronous machine

43) Имена и фамилии: Shawn Michaels, Stephen Marshall, Steven Mead

44) Должность: Safety Management, Single Mom, Stage Manager, Sub Manager, Supreme Master

45) Чат: Simply Marvelous, Stupid Mother

46) NYSE. Sulzer Medica

47) НАСА: Structural Model, Surface Mount, Service Module (Apollo)

48) Программное обеспечение: Storage Manager

49) Федеральное бюро расследований: Security Matter, Summary

50) СМС: See Message

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Sm
12 sm

1) Общая лексика: singlemode

2) Компьютерная техника: Scheduler Message, Set Mode, Small Machine, Smart Media, Software Modem, Spell Menu, Super Mini

3) Биология: Master of Science

4) Авиация: сухопутная миля, statute mile (1, 6 км)

5) Американизм: Sado Masochistic, Simple Majority

6) Спорт: Score Of Matching, Super Mongo

7) Латинский язык: Sclerosis multiplex

8) Военный термин: Memorandum by the Secretary, JCS, Sadism Masochism, Salvage Mechanic, Security Monitor, Selection Mechanism, Service Mode, Sixteen Millimetre, Smart Modules, Soldier's Medal, Standard missile, Statute Mile, Submariner, Survey Methods, System Monitor, sappers and miners, secretary's memorandum, security manual, sergeant-major, service manual, service member, shell model, shelter management, shop maintenance, simulated missile, simulation model, single manager, situation map, soldier's manual, special memorandum, staff memorandum, state militia, storage mark, strategic missile, supply manual, support munitions, surface missile, system manager, Staff Month (20 Days)

9) Техника: scan mode, scanning mode, scattering matrix, scheduled maintenance, security manager, servomotor, shift manager, shuttle management, signal master, signalman, space mirror, space multiplexing, stationary medium, step motor, stepping motor, studio microphone, submarine, supply and maintenance, supporting members, switch memory, военное обозначение моделирующих устройств и тренажёров, Soling Machine (shoes)

10) Математика: матрица рассеяния (scatter matrix), многошаговая максимизация (stepwise maximization), симплекс-метод (simplex method), симплексный метод (simplex method)

11) Религия: Scripture Mastery

12) Метеорология: Sailor Moon, Simple Model, Solar Modulation

13) Железнодорожный термин: St. Marys Railroad Company

14) Юридический термин: Sadism And Masochism, Sado Masochism, Simple Monopoly

15) Грубое выражение: Sexual Magic, Stupid Movement

16) Оптика: single mode

17) Политика: San Marino

18) Телекоммуникации: Switching Module (AT&T 5ESS)

19) Сокращение: Samoan, Sandeep Metalcraft Pvt Ltd (India), Saturday Morning, Service Mark, Simulation Module, Smoke, Special Mission (USA), Svenska Marinen, sales manager, sausages and mashed potatoes, smoothing, sihgle-mode

20) Текстиль: Small Medium

21) Университет: Student Mail, Student Miss, Supplementary Materials

22) Электроника: Stress Migration, (surface mount) поверхностный монтаж

23) Вычислительная техника: services mark, память второго уровня, Sparse Mode (PIM, Multicast), Smart Media (card), вторичная память

24) Нефть: surface measurement, планово-предупредительное техническое обслуживание (scheduled maintenance), снабжение и техническое обслуживание (supply and maintenance), техническое обслуживание в ремонтной мастерской (shop maintenance)

25) Иммунология: smooth muscle

26) Космонавтика: Structural Model Programme, служебный модуль

27) Картография: saw mill

28) Транспорт: Side Mounted

29) Пищевая промышленность: (skim milk) обезжиренное молоко

30) Силикатное производство: silica modulus

31) Фирменный знак: Saama, Samsung Motors, Singer Machine, Stone Mill

32) Деловая лексика: Standard Model

33) Глоссарий компании Сахалин Энерджи: square meter

34) Нефтепромысловый: (Scheduled Maintenance) ПТО (плановое техническое обслуживание)

35) Производство: Site Management (организация работы производственной площадки)

36) Сетевые технологии: Smart Card, secondary memory, shared memory, разделяемая память, установить режим, Sparse Mode, уплотнённый режим

37) Сахалин Ю: steam medium pressure

38) Химическое оружие: Subcontractor Management

39) Авиационная медицина: sensory-motor task

40) Расширение файла: Smalltalk language source code file, Text document (Samna Word), Script (ScriptMaker)

41) Нефть и газ: submersible motor

42) Электротехника: stability margin, synchronous machine

43) Имена и фамилии: Shawn Michaels, Stephen Marshall, Steven Mead

44) Должность: Safety Management, Single Mom, Stage Manager, Sub Manager, Supreme Master

45) Чат: Simply Marvelous, Stupid Mother

46) NYSE. Sulzer Medica

47) НАСА: Structural Model, Surface Mount, Service Module (Apollo)

48) Программное обеспечение: Storage Manager

49) Федеральное бюро расследований: Security Matter, Summary

50) СМС: See Message

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > sm
13 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
14 MMC

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Macro Molecular Complex

2) Компьютерная техника: Multi Media Card, Multi Memory Controller, Multimedia Memory Cards

3) Медицина: (medical male circumcision) мужское обрезание по медицинским показаниям, minimal microbicide concentration, МБК (минимальная бактерицидная концентрация), Митомицин С, Митомицин-С

4) Американизм: Mobile Management Command

5) Военный термин: maintenance management center, maintenance management course, major military command, materiel maintenance center, materiel management center, materiel management code, military microcomputer, missile and munitions center, missile maintenance crew, missile measurements center, missile motion computer, mission management center, mortar motor carrier

6) Техника: MultiMediaCard, main memory capacity, main memory controller, mitomycin, multi media center, myelomeningocele

7) Шутливое выражение: Maiden Mother Crone

8) Архитектура: Modular Methods of Construction

9) Оптика: multimedia controller

10) Телекоммуникации: Minimum Monthly Charge

11) Сокращение: Machinist Mate Chief (USN), Materiel Management Center (US Army), Metal Matrix Composite, Mission Management Computer, Modular Mission Computer, MultiMedia Catalog

12) Физика: Moving Micro Cross

13) Физиология: migrating motor complex

14) Электроника: Monolithic Multilayer Ceramic, Multi Mini Capacitor, Multi Miniature Capacitor

15) Вычислительная техника: Microsoft Management Console, Microsoft Management Console (MS, Windows, NT), MultiMedia Commands (SAM)

16) Иммунология: mucosal mast cell

17) Онкология: Maximum Mass Concentration

18) Связь: Man-Machine Command/Communication

19) Банковское дело: сертификат денежного рынка (money market certificate)

20) Фирменный знак: Massachusetts Marketing Center, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, Music Message Center

21) СМИ: Monopolies and Mergers Commission, Much Music Countdown

22) Образование: Massachusetts Mechanic Center

23) Инвестиции: money market certificate

24) Сетевые технологии: Media Master Control, Midi Machine Control, Micro-scheduled Management Command

25) Программирование: Man Machine Code

26) Автоматика: maximum material condition

27) Океанография: Marine Mammal Commission

28) Расширение файла: Matched Memory Cycle, Microcomputer Marketing Council, Microsoft Management Console (Microsoft)

29) Энергосистемы: Monopoly and Mergers Commission

30) Строительные материалы: водозатворяемость (%), формовочная влажность (%), mixing moisture content (%), mixing water content, molding water content

31) Общественная организация: Marine Mammal Center

32) Правительство: Maine Medical Center

33) NYSE. Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.

34) Музеи: Machina Museum Committee

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > MMC
15 mmc

1) Общая лексика: hum. сокр. Macro Molecular Complex

2) Компьютерная техника: Multi Media Card, Multi Memory Controller, Multimedia Memory Cards

3) Медицина: (medical male circumcision) мужское обрезание по медицинским показаниям, minimal microbicide concentration, МБК (минимальная бактерицидная концентрация), Митомицин С, Митомицин-С

4) Американизм: Mobile Management Command

5) Военный термин: maintenance management center, maintenance management course, major military command, materiel maintenance center, materiel management center, materiel management code, military microcomputer, missile and munitions center, missile maintenance crew, missile measurements center, missile motion computer, mission management center, mortar motor carrier

6) Техника: MultiMediaCard, main memory capacity, main memory controller, mitomycin, multi media center, myelomeningocele

7) Шутливое выражение: Maiden Mother Crone

8) Архитектура: Modular Methods of Construction

9) Оптика: multimedia controller

10) Телекоммуникации: Minimum Monthly Charge

11) Сокращение: Machinist Mate Chief (USN), Materiel Management Center (US Army), Metal Matrix Composite, Mission Management Computer, Modular Mission Computer, MultiMedia Catalog

12) Физика: Moving Micro Cross

13) Физиология: migrating motor complex

14) Электроника: Monolithic Multilayer Ceramic, Multi Mini Capacitor, Multi Miniature Capacitor

15) Вычислительная техника: Microsoft Management Console, Microsoft Management Console (MS, Windows, NT), MultiMedia Commands (SAM)

16) Иммунология: mucosal mast cell

17) Онкология: Maximum Mass Concentration

18) Связь: Man-Machine Command/Communication

19) Банковское дело: сертификат денежного рынка (money market certificate)

20) Фирменный знак: Massachusetts Marketing Center, Mitsubishi Motors Corporation, Music Message Center

21) СМИ: Monopolies and Mergers Commission, Much Music Countdown

22) Образование: Massachusetts Mechanic Center

23) Инвестиции: money market certificate

24) Сетевые технологии: Media Master Control, Midi Machine Control, Micro-scheduled Management Command

25) Программирование: Man Machine Code

26) Автоматика: maximum material condition

27) Океанография: Marine Mammal Commission

28) Расширение файла: Matched Memory Cycle, Microcomputer Marketing Council, Microsoft Management Console (Microsoft)

29) Энергосистемы: Monopoly and Mergers Commission

30) Строительные материалы: водозатворяемость (%), формовочная влажность (%), mixing moisture content (%), mixing water content, molding water content

31) Общественная организация: Marine Mammal Center

32) Правительство: Maine Medical Center

33) NYSE. Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc.

34) Музеи: Machina Museum Committee

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > mmc
16 полёт

fly, flying, mission космонавт., trip

* * *

I
полё́т м.
flight
в полё́те — in flight

выполня́ть полё́т в режи́ме ожида́ния — fly the holding pattern

выполни́ть полё́т по прибо́рам — fly on instruments [in instrument conditions]

выполня́ть [соверша́ть] полё́т — fly

заверша́ть полё́т — terminate a flight

пе́ред нача́лом полё́тов — prior to the first flight of the day

по оконча́нии полё́тов — after the last flight of the day

прерыва́ть полё́т — abort a flight

акти́вный полё́т — powered flight

полё́т в атмосфе́ре — atmospheric flight, aerocruise

полё́т в болта́нку — disturbed atmosphere flight

визуа́льный полё́т — contact [visual, VFR] flight, VFR operation

полё́т в усло́виях аэродинами́ческого нагре́ва — thermal flight

полё́т в усло́виях невесо́мости — weightlessness [zero-gravity, zero-g] flight

высо́тный полё́т — (high-)altitude flight

горизонта́льный полё́т — level [flat] flight

испыта́тельный полё́т — test flight

косми́ческий полё́т — space flight

маршру́тный полё́т — (en-)route flight

полё́т на автопило́те — auto-controlled flight

полё́т на гиперзвуковы́х скоростя́х — hypersonic [hypervelocity] flight

полё́т на да́льность — long-distance [long-range] flight

полё́т над во́дной пове́рхностью — overwater flight

полё́т на дозвуковы́х скоростя́х — subsonic flight

полё́т на максима́льной мо́щности — maximum power flight

полё́т на околозвуковы́х скоростя́х — transonic flight

полё́т на продолжи́тельность — endurance flight

полё́т на режи́ме балансиро́вки — trimmed(-out) flight

полё́т на режи́ме висе́ния — hovering flight

полё́т на сверхзвуковы́х скоростя́х — supersonic flight

полё́т на тренажё́ре — simulated flight

орбита́льный полё́т — orbital flight

паря́щий полё́т — soaring

соверша́ть паря́щий полё́т — soar

перевё́рнутый полё́т — inverted flight

полё́т под автопило́том — auto-controlled flight

полё́т по ине́рции — coasting flight

полё́т по коро́бочке — box-pattern flight

полё́т по кру́гу — circling

соверша́ть полё́т по кру́гу ( о самолёте) — be in traffic circuit, fly around the circuit

полё́т по ортодро́мии — great-circle flight

полё́т по прибо́рам — instrument flight, IFR operation

полё́т по радиолучу́ — radio-beam flight

прямолине́йный полё́т — straight flight

выде́рживать [сохраня́ть] прямолине́йный полё́т — maintain straight flight

ре́йсовый полё́т — scheduled flight

выполня́ть ре́йсовый полё́т — operate a scheduled flight

самостоя́тельный полё́т — solo flight

полё́т с бро́шенным управле́нием — controls-free [hands-off] flight

скоростно́й полё́т — high-speed flight

слепо́й полё́т — instrument flight

полё́т с нерабо́тающим дви́гателем — engine-off flight

полё́т со скольже́нием — yawed flight

полё́т с рабо́тающим дви́гателем — engine-on flight

полё́т с фикси́рованным управле́нием — controls-fixed flight

трениро́вочный полё́т — practice flight

уче́бный полё́т — training flight

II
«полё́т» м.:
«полё́т» кра́ски полигр. — ink flying, ink misting

Русско-английский политехнический словарь > полёт
17 time

1) время; срок; момент; период || выбирать время; приурочивать; рассчитывать (по времени)

2) рабочее время; такт; период

3) наработка

- at a time

- time between arrivals

- time fixed for payment

- time for presentation

- time for protesting

- in due time

- in good time

- time in service

- in unit time

- on time

- time out of stock

- over the time of

- time taken

- be ahead of time

- be behind time

- time to run

- save time

- work against time

- work on part time

- time used

- time of circulation

- time of delivery

- time of maturity

- time of nonuse

- time of operation

- time of turnover

- abnormal time

- access time

- active time

- activity duration time

- actual time

- administrative lead time

- allowed time

- appointed time

- arrival time

- attendance time

- averaged time

- average element time

- average selected time

- bad time

- base time

- block time

- break time

- build-up time

- busy time

- changeover time

- claim interoccurence time

- cleanup time

- concept-to-delivery time

- congealed labor time

- contact time

- controlled machine time

- critical time

- cycle time

- dead time

- delivery time

- demand usage time

- departure time

- dimensional motion time

- down time

- dull times

- dwell time

- effective time

- effective maintenance time

- effective waiting time

- elapsed time

- element time

- estimated time

- external idle time

- feeding time

- first piece time

- free time

- full time

- guaranteed time

- handling time

- holding time

- idle time

- improvement time

- inactive time

- in-commission time

- individual labor time

- initial time

- in-service time

- interarrival time

- interdischarge time

- interfailure time

- interference time

- inter-inspection time

- interrepair time

- item-procurement time

- labor time

- lead time

- leisure time

- leveled time

- leveled element time

- lie time

- life time

- lost time

- lost production time

- machine time

- machine attention time

- machine idle time

- maintenance time

- make-ready time

- makeup time

- mean time

- mean time between failures

- mean replenishment time

- minimum time

- mission time

- necessary labor time

- negotiable lead time

- net time

- nonactive maintenance time

- nonfailure operating time

- nonproductive time

- normal time

- normal element time

- normal operating time

- observed time

- observed time to failure

- occupation time

- off time

- off-peak times

- on time

- operating time

- order time

- outage time

- out-of-commission time

- part time

- payback time

- periodic time

- personal time

- pipeline time

- potential service time

- preempted time

- process time

- processing time

- production time

- productive time

- random time

- rated average element time

- rated selected element time

- readiness time

- ready time

- real time

- reasonable time

- recurrence time

- reference time

- remaining service time

- reorder time

- repair time

- repetition time

- required idle time

- residual waiting time

- review time

- run time

- sampling time

- schedule times

- scheduled time

- scheduled running time

- selected time

- service time

- setup time

- shipping time

- short time

- slack times in business

- socially necessary labor time

- sojourn time

- spare time

- specified time

- spent waiting time

- standard time

- standard element time

- standard machine time

- standby time

- standby unattended time

- standing time

- start time

- startup time

- staying time

- storage time

- subsidized time

- subtracted time

- surplus labor time

- survival time

- system improvement time

- throughput time

- total technician time

- travel time

- turnaround time

- unexpended service time

- uninterrupted working time

- unit time

- unoccupied time

- unproductive time

- up time

- usable time

- usage time

- waiting time

- wasted service time

- weaning time

- work time

- working time

Англо-русский словарь по экономике и финансам > time
18 visit

n візит, відвідання

- arrival visit візит по прибутті

- business visit діловий візит

- courtesy visit візит ввічливості

- goodwill visit візит доброї волі

- high-level visit візит на високому рівні

- mutual visits взаємні візити

- official visit офіційний/ протокольний візит

- personal visit особистий візит

- reciprocal visit візит у відповідь

- scheduled visit запланований візит

- social visit неофіційний візит

- unofficial visit неофіційний візит

- visit to the city of a personality візит до столиці високопоставленої особи/ видатної особистості

- visit of men-of-war/ of warships відвідання/ візит воєнних кораблів

- visit of naval force візит військово-морського з'єднання

- visit of vessel візит корабля

- cancellation of a scheduled visit відміна запланованого візиту

- exchange of official visits обмін офіційними візитами

- participation of the diplomatic corps in official visits участь дипломатичного корпусу в офіційних візитах

- programme of a visit програма візиту

- purpose of a visit мета/ ціль візиту

- to agree on the date of a visit домовитися про/ погодити дату візиту

- to arrange the programme of a visit домовлятися про/ погоджувати програму візиту

- to call off a visit анулювати/ відмінити візит

- to cancel a visit анулювати/ відмінити візит

- to cut short a visit перервати візит

- to fix the date of a visit намітити дату візиту

- to have a visit from smbd. приймати когось

- to make an official visit прибути з офіційним візитом

- to pay an official visit прибути з офіційним візитом

- to postpone a visit відкласти візит

- to put off a visit відкласти візит

- to receive a visit from smbd. приймати когось

- to return a visit зробити візит у відповідь

- to return the visit of the new head of mission зробити візит у відповідь новому главі місії

- to set the date of a visit намітити дату візиту

English-Ukrainian diplomatic dictionary > visit
19 visit

1. n

1) визит, посещение

- visit of a personality

- cancellation of a scheduled visit

- programme of a visit

- arrange the programme of a visit

- purpose of a visit

- agree on the date of a visit

- fix the date of a visit

- set the date of a visit

- receive a visit from smb.

- have a visit from smb.

- receive a visit from the Ambassador

- put off a visit

- postpone a visit

- cut short a visit

- call to cancel a visit

- call off cancel a visit

- return a visit

- return the visit of the new head of mission

2) юр. осмотр; обыск (преим. кораблей)

•

- pay an official visit

- official visit covered by protocol formality

- mutual visits

- goodwill visit

- visit of men-of-war warships

- business visit

- visit of naval force

- visit of a vessel of vessels

- exchange of official visits

- official visit

- high-level visit

- social visit

- make an official visit

- arrival visit

- visit of of warships

- visit of a group of vessels

- return visit

- reciprocal visit

- courtesy visit

- scheduled visit

- participation of the diplomatic corps in official visits

- personal visit

- unofficial visit

- informal visit

2. v юр.

1) осматривать, инспектировать

- visit the scene of a crime

2) обыскивать

3) посещать (что-л.)

English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > visit
20 визит

visit, call

аннулировать / отменить визит — to call off / to cancel a visit

завершать визит — to conclude / to end / to terminate / to wind up a visit

запланировать визит — to schedule / to plan a visit

затягивать визит — to protract a visit

нанести визит — to make / to pay a-visit (to)

находиться с визитом (в стране) — to be / to stay on a visit (to a country)

обмениваться визитами — to exchange visits

омрачать визит — to mar a visit

освещать визит — to cover a visit

отбыть с визитом — to leave / to depart on a visit (to)

отдать визит — to repay a visit, to return a visit / a call

отложить визит — to postpone / to put off / to delay / to adjourn a visit

прервать визит — to cut short a visit

прибыть с визитом — to arrive on / for a visit

приветствовать визит — to welcome / to acclaim (smb.'s) visit

продлевать визит — to extend / to prolong a visit

сократить визит — to curtail / to abbreviate a visit

визит получил широкое освещение в прессе — the visit got a lot of publicity

визит прошёл весьма удовлетворительно — the visit was highly satisfactory

взаимные визиты — reciprocal / mutual visits

государственный визит — state visit

деловой визит — business visit / call

дипломатический визит — diplomatic visit

дружественный / дружеский визит — friendly visit

ежегодный визит — yearly visit

запланированный визит — scheduled visit

отмена запланированного визита — cancellation of a scheduled visit

краткий визит — short visit

личный визит — personal visit

нежелательный визит — unwelcome visit

неофициальный визит — unofficial / informal / social visit

несвоевременный визит — ill-timed / untimely visit

обязательный визит — compulsory visit

ответный визит — return / reciprocal visit / call

нанести ответный визит — to return one's visit, to reciprocate a visit

нанести ответный визит новому главе представительства — to return the visit of the new head of mission

официальный визит — official / formal visit,' duty call

официальный визит главы государства — official visit of the Head of State

официальный визит с соблюдением протокольных формальностей — official visit covered by protocol formality

памятный визит — memorable visit

последующий визит — subsequent visit

предстоящий визит — forthcoming / on-coming visit

протокольный визит (посла к президенту и т.п.) — ceremonial visit / call

прощальный визит — parting visit

рабочий визит — working visit

светский визит — social visit / call

товарищеский визит — comradely visit

частный визит — private visit

визит вежливости — courtesy visit / call

визит военно-морского соединения — visit of naval force

визит доброй воли — goodwill visit

визит дружбы — friendship visit

визит корабля — visit of a vessel

визит военных кораблей — visit of men-of-war / warships

визит на высоком уровне — high-level visit

визит на высшем уровне — visit at the highest level, summit visit

визит по прибытии — arrival visit, visit after arrival

визит с выражением соболезнования — condolatory visit

дата визита — date of a visit

договориться о дате / согласовать дату визита — to agree on the date of a visit

наметить дату визита — to fix / to set the date of a visit

завершение визита — end of a visit

обмен визитами — exchange of visits

перенос визита — postponement of a visit

программа визита — programme of a visit

договориться о программе визита — to arrange the programme of a visit

продолжительность визита — duration of the visit / the call

установить продолжительность визита — to fix the duration of the visit / the call

цель визита — purpose of a visit

во время / в ходе визита — during a visit

Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > визит

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scheduled mission

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Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

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scheduled mission

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